Joint stock company, commonly abbreviated as JSC, is a public legal entity, which means that its shares can be publicly traded. Similarly as limited liability company, also JSC shareholders liability is limited by the contributed capital.

Authorised capital
The minimum amount of capital for JSC is 35,000 EUR and this sum has to be paid in fully by the registration of the company. In case of specific legal entities, such as insurance companies, banks and other non-banking financial institutions, the minimum share capital amount can be much larger.

Shareholders of the company
Similarly as for a limited liability company, the owners of company shares may be either legal entities or individuals. But contrary to a limited liability company, JSC shares can be bought and sold publicly. The maximum number of shares is unlimited and more shares can be issued during the life of the company. There are several types of shares and usually the shareholders’ rights to vote and receive dividends depend on the category of shares. Typically shareholders are entitled to express their opinion about the direction of the business and other subjects, such as the distribution of profit and appointment of the council. All shareholders’ decisions are made during a shareholders’ meeting.

A council elects as well as revokes members of the board of directors. Board of directors is the executive body of the company. Unless stated otherwise, all members of the board of directors represent the company jointly and decisions are made by voting. Only a private person can be a member of the board of directors.

Documents needed for JSC incorporation in Latvia
In order to register a company in Latvia, below documents need to be submitted in the Register of Enterprises of the Republic of Latvia:

Company incorporation application form;
Agreement (or a decision in case of a sole shareholder) to establish a company;
Articles of association of the company;
Bank’s reference confirming the share capital payment;
Founder registry schedule of the company;
Confirmation by the council of the company;
Confirmations by the board members of the company;
Resolution about the company’s legal address signed by a board member;
Resolution about the allowance to register the company in the particular address (signed by the real estate’s owner);
Proof of payment of the state taxes for a company formation;
Proof of payment for a publication in the official newspaper “Latvijas Vestnesis”
JSC incorporation process in Latvia
Incorporation of a JSC in Latvia is a complex legal procedure, which requires involvement of experienced corporate lawyers or incorporation agents. JSC incorporation generally consists of the following steps:

Collection of all necessary information and documents for the incorporation of a company;
Preparation of the foundation documents for the incorporation of a company;
Signing of the foundation documents (at the notary);
Opening of a temporary bank account where the share capital is paid;
Payment of state fees for the company formation and the publication in the official newspaper;
Submission of the foundation documents to the Register of Enterprises of the Republic of Latvia;
When the company is registered, you shall receive following documents:

Certificate of registration;
Articles of association;
Decision of the state notary of the Register of Enterprises of the Republic of Latvia
Reporting to tax office
JSC is obliged to report its financial statements once a year and a report on the company’s employee salaries must be submitted each month. In case the company’s turnover exceeds 50,000 EUR, it is obliged to register as a VAT payer. This also needs to be done if the company plans to export goods or services abroad. If a company is registered as a VAT payer, it has to submit VAT reports on a monthly basis.

An agency company is an entity that has entered into an agreement with an offshore company (the principal) to act as an agent. The agency company itself does not conduct business activity in Austria, but receives income from the agency commission.

Austrian companies
A GmbH (Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung), a company with limited liability, is the most popular option for founding a business in Austria, both for domestic and international purposes. The following information describes the process of establishing this kind of company:

Statutory share capital
The statutory share capital of an Austrian GmbH is €35,000, of which at least €17,500 must be paid in cash.

Directors and shareholders
The company can be established with just one shareholder, no matter whether the shareholder is a domestic or foreign individual or a legal entity. The director of the GmbH is the only one legally authorised to represent the GmbH, and is personally responsible for liabilities resulting from legal transactions carried out on behalf of the GmbH and for any unpaid taxes.
Corporate income tax
The corporate income tax rate in Austria is 25%. There is also a minimum amount of tax that must be paid by Austrian companies, which is currently €1,750 per year, divided into four quarterly payments. These payments are due on 15 February, 17 May, 16 August and 15 November each year.

Agency structure basics
At all stages, the agency company conducts business on behalf of the customer, who may be a company located in a tax haven, under the terms of the agency agreement. Business transactions are conducted through the Austrian company (which may trade, with VAT, with EU and non-EU companies) and the revenue is received into its bank account. After deducting a commission, the capital amount is transferred to the account of the real seller (e.g. the EU company). The agency commission can be set at 2%, 5% or even higher, and is usually paid annually. The Austrian company will declare the commission received as taxable income in Austria.

With the right documentation and the appropriate initial investments, it is possible for a foreign citizen to open a bank account in Puerto Rico. This opportunity for international accounts and investments offers several advantages due to economic regulations and tax structures. Interest rates, tax laws and fees vary depending on the country in which you invest. Careful research and strategic financial actions could result in significant portfolio growth.

If one is thinking about opening a bank account in Puerto Rico, one needs to enlist the help of international experts to guide them through the process.

Legal structures in Puerto Rico
Each international jurisdiction has different tax and banking legal structures. Confidus Solutions will help you understand the nuances of each country's legal structure. In order to do business in Puerto Rico, it is vital for you to have a thorough understanding of the financial and legal ramifications.

Initial investments
The vast majority of bank accounts in Puerto Rico require an initial financial outlay to ensure account opening. This value differs from bank to bank and also depends on variable exchange rates. An international financial expert will help you deal with these conversions, as well as the various fees and minimums associated with maintaining a bank account. Make sure you understand the interest and growth rates associated with each potential international bank account so you can maximize your returns while minimizing risk.

Tax Structures in Puerto Rico
For best results and to avoid bureaucratic and legal pitfalls, enlist the help of an expert in international finance and economics. This initial investment in proper processes and research will help avoid a multitude of long-term costs and fees associated with unforeseen errors and legal errors. Language skills, financial know-how and bureaucratic experience ensure that your account opening is processed smoothly and without unintended consequences.

Ukraine is considered a large nation due to its total area. Its total land area is 603,500 km² (about 233,012 mi²). The continental shelf of Ukraine is approximately 79,142 km² (approximately 30,557 mi²). Ukraine is in Europe. Europe is a continent whose borders date back to ancient times. European countries include the United Kingdom, Italy, Germany, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Malta and the Vatican, among others. Ukraine has 7 neighboring countries. Its neighbors include Belarus, Hungary, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Russia and Slovakia. Ukraine is not a landlocked country. It means it is bounded by at least one major body of water. The average altitude range of Ukraine is 175 m (574 ft).

Neighbors
The total length of land borders of Ukraine is 5618 kilometers (~2,169 miles). Ukraine has 8 unique land borders with neighboring territories and shares its land borders with 7 different countries. Ukraine has 1 non-contiguous segment of land borders. This happens when a country has a border with a neighbor and that border is divided by a border with another neighbor. Ukraine has 7 neighboring countries. Its neighbors include Belarus, Hungary, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Russia and Slovakia. The lengths of land borders of Ukraine with its neighboring countries are as follows:

Belarus - 891 km (554 miles),
Hungary - 103 km (64 miles),
Moldova - 939 km (584 miles),
Poland - 526 km (327 mi),
Romania - 531 km (330 mi),
Russia - 1576 km (979 mi),
Slovakia - 97 km (60 miles).

Cities
The capital of Ukraine is Kyiv. The largest city in Ukraine is Kyiv.

Elevation
The average altitude range of Ukraine is 175 m (574 ft). The highest point of Ukraine is Hora Hoverla with an official elevation of 2061 m (6,762 ft). The deepest point in Ukraine is the Kujalnik estuary. It is -5 m (-16 ft), i.e. below sea level. The difference in altitude between the highest (Hora Hoverla) and the lowest (Kujalnik Estuary) point in Ukraine is 2066 m (2 ft).

Area
The total land area of ​​Ukraine is 603,500 km² (about 233,012 mi²). and the total Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is 147,318 km² (~56,880 mi²). The continental shelf of Ukraine is approximately 79,142 km² (about 30,557 mi²). Including the landmass and the EEZ, the total area of ​​Ukraine is approximately 750,818 km² (~289,891 mi²). Ukraine is considered a large nation due to its total area.

Forest and farmland
105,000 km² of the territory of Ukraine is covered with forests, and forest areas make up 17% of the total area of ​​the country. In Ukraine, there are 324,791 km² of arable land, which accounts for 54% of the country's total territory.

Rwanda is considered a large nation because of its total area. Its total land area is 26,338 km² (about 10,169 mi²). The continental shelf of Rwanda is approximately 0 km². Rwanda is in Africa. Africa is the second largest and second most populous continent on earth. African countries include South Africa, Kenya, Tanzania, Ethiopia and Egypt, among others. Rwanda has 4 neighboring countries. Its neighbors include Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania and Uganda. Rwanda is a landlocked country. The average elevation range of Rwanda is 1,598 m (5,243 ft).

Neighbors
The total length of land borders of Rwanda is 930 kilometers (~359 miles). Rwanda shares land borders with 4 different countries and has an equal number of unique land borders with neighboring areas. If, as in the case of Rwanda, a country has the same number of distinct neighboring regions as land borders, then that country does not have non-contiguous sections of a land border. This is in contrast to several countries that have multiple non-contiguous stretches of land borders. Rwanda has 4 neighboring countries. Its neighbors include Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania and Uganda. The lengths of the land borders of Rwanda with its neighboring countries are as follows:

Burundi - 290 km (180 miles),
Democratic Republic of the Congo - 217 km (135 mi),
Tanzania - 217 km (135 miles),
Uganda - 169 km (105 miles).

Cities
The capital of Rwanda is Kigali. The largest city in Rwanda is Kigali.

Elevation
The average elevation range of Rwanda is 1,598 m (5,243 ft). The highest point in Rwanda is Mount Karisimbi with an official elevation of 4507 m (14,787 ft). The lowest point in Rwanda is the Ruzizi River. It is 950 m (3,117 ft) above sea level. The difference in altitude between the highest (Mount Karisimbi) and the lowest (Ruzizi River) point in Rwanda is 3557 m (2 ft).

Area
The total land area of ​​Rwanda is 26,338 km² (about 10,169 mi²). and the total Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is 0 km² (~0 mi²). The continental shelf of Rwanda is approximately 0 km². Including the landmass and the EEZ, the total area of ​​Rwanda is approximately 26,338 km² (~10,169 mi²). Rwanda is considered a large nation because of its total area.

Forest and farmland
3,161 km² of Rwanda's territory is covered with forests, and forest areas account for 12% of the country's total land area. There are 11,366 km² of arable land in Rwanda, which accounts for 43% of the country's total area.